TIE1 and cancer: Alterations in CSF-1R, c-Kit, RET, and Tie caused by overexpression, genetic mutations, gene rearrangement, and fusion protein formation have been found in various types of cancer, including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC, CSF-1R), GIST (c-Kit), acute myeloid leukemia (c-Kit), thyroid cancer (RET), and breast cancer (Tie1)114,127,128,131,132.