Deregulation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway through mutation or amplification of PIK3CA (encoding the p110α subunit of PI3K), loss or inactivation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), and hyperactivation of mTOR have been commonly found in various cancer types158,169 and related anticancer drug resistance158,170. This evidence concerns the gene PTEN and cancer.