Surprisingly, macrophages were redirected toward a pro-inflammatory, anti-tumor phenotype (Figure 4) if we inhibit the PARP enzymatic activity in WT (PARP1 and PARP2 intact), PARP1-null (PARP2 intact), or PARP2-null (PARP1 intact) cells. The gene discussed is PARP1; the disease is neoplasm.