TNF and infection: 5-ASAs are only modestly effective[9]; a meta-analysis showed no statistically significant benefit in IBD patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy compared to placebo[10]; glucocorticoids can cause serious adverse effects and do not benefit from maintenance therapy[11]; TNF-α antagonists are effective but predispose patients to serious infection; and treatment failures may manifest as nonresponse or loss of response to these drugs over time.[12,13] Therefore, new treatment strategies are required.