TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Although the risk analysis of drug-related adverse events in the treatment of IBD has not been well studied, the use of vedolizumab may be a better option than immunosuppressants, corticosteroids, or TNF-α antagonists in treating patients at higher risk for serious infections, such as the elderly or patients with chronic lung disease (e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).[44] Therefore, a prospective evaluation of this possibility is required.