TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: Currently available medical treatments for IBD include immunosuppressants (e.g., azathioprine, mercaptopurine, and methotrexate), 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASAs), corticosteroids, and biological therapies such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) antagonists.[6–8] However, these medical therapies have limitations.