CXCL8 and infection: To explain the anti-inflammatory action of E. faecium NCIMB 11181, the mRNA levels of TLR-mediated signal pathway molecules, i.e. TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, TGF-β4, IFN-γ, pIgR and negative regulators A20, Tollip and PI3K in the chicken ileum mucosa were measured at 7 days post ST infection.