CSF2 and infectious disease: Taken together, these observations show that (i) anti-GM-CSF autoantibodies in autoimmune PAP are composed of polyclonal IgG, (ii) suggest that their formation is driven by GM-CSF itself, (iii) that the memory B cell maturation process is helped by T cells, implying that somatic mutations determine antibody affinity, and (iv) are reassuring that treatments based on single anti-GM-CSF monoclonal antibodies that are currently in development for inflammatory diseases may not necessarily cause PAP or infectious disease by themselves [32, 33].