To explore whether PD-L1 on TEVs can competitively bind αPD-L1 with PD-L1 on tumor cells, we isolated EVs from murine MC38 colon cancer cells (MC38-EVs) and human PC3 prostate cancer cells (PC3-EVs) that have been reported to contain high levels of PD-L1. Here, CD274 is linked to malignant colon neoplasm.