We also detected PD-L1 on the EVs-TT of another 3 lung cancer patients (Supplementary Fig. 6b) and found that each EVs-TT (from 1 mg TT) could bind approximately 6.04 ± 3.04, 16.55 ± 2.97 and 45.38 ± 4.48 ng (mean ± s.d.; n = 3) of αPD-L1. Here, CD274 is linked to lung carcinoma.