To investigate if neuroinflammation was present in the TgF344-AD rats during the pre- and early-plaque stages, immunohistochemistry was performed using glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba-1 staining for astrocytes and microglial cells respectively (Fig. 5 A, B) in 7 different brain regions, which either showed differences in the QPPs (CG, RSC, Ent, SS) or regions which are part of the basal forebrain nuclei (MS, HDB/SI, NBM). The gene discussed is GFAP; the disease is Alzheimer disease.