TNF and neurodegenerative disease: For example, inhibiting the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-1β, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in microglia will play a neuroprotective role in neurodegenerative diseases, but microglia will also release ROS, reactive nitrogen species, and cytokines, thereby inducing a cascade of neuroinflammation and promoting neuronal apoptosis [63].