For example, among the five domains in the region of carcinoma in situ of breast cancer (Fig. 3i–l and Supplementary Fig. 8d, e), we noted that domains 13 and 14 are surrounded by more immune cells such as macrophage (CD14), dendritic cell (HLA-DRB1), and T cell (CD4 and CD8A); domains 11, 15, and 16 are mostly surrounded by plasma B cell (IGCL2 and IGHG3) and two types of endothelial cell (FABP4 for endothelial cell_DCN, VWF and ENG for endothelial cell_VWF) defined by our previous study;41 and domain 15 cells are also surrounded by myofibroblast (MYLK) and follicular B cell (MS4A1). Here, MS4A1 is linked to cancer.