PTEN and gastric cancer: For instance, the transcript of pseudogene BRAFP1 promotes lymphoma development by sponging a series of miRNAs, like miR-134 and miR-653, and efficiently preserves the expression of its parental gene BRAF and leads to the activation of the downstream MAPK pathway [33]; On the contrary, pseudogene PTENP1 exerts the ceRNA effects on the oncogenic miR-21 and miR-19, and sequentially protects the expression of its parental gene PTEN and assists to suppressive tumor development in gastric cancer and clear cell renal carcinoma [34, 35].