RNF5 and toxoplasmosis: To further elucidate the mechanisms by which ablation of inflammasome signaling promotes IFN-I signaling activation during toxoplasmosis, we examined the mRNA expression of several potential negative regulators, such as Rtp4, Fosl1, A20, Rnf5, Nlrc3, and Duba (52, –, 58), in PEMs treated with recombinant IL-1β, and observed mRNA levels of Socs1, Rtp4, Fosl1, and A20 increased in IL-1β treated PEMs and BMDMs at indicated times (Fig. 7A and B, Fig. S6A to F).