TGFB signaling, atop the whole hierarchy of the signaling GRN on Figure 7, exhibits in its mutant mouse model the most severe BPD-like phenotype when compared to mutants from the other signaling pathways under it (Chao et al., 2017; Gao et al., 2022; He et al., 2021; Li et al., 2020; Li et al., 2019). Here, TGFB1 is linked to bronchopulmonary dysplasia.