Although not shown in respiratory viral infection, several studies, found the sialic acid containing monosialodihexosylganglioside (GM3) to be another physiological ligand of CD169 (54–57) In vivo analyses revealed a direct and clear upregulation of the receptor upon IFN-I (α/β/ω) stimulation within the physiological ranges of viral infection (58). The gene discussed is SIGLEC1; the disease is viral infectious disease.