In addition, excessive abdominal fat can directly or indirectly cause sympathetic hyperactivity and abnormal secretion of adipose factors including adiponectin and leptin, which in turn leads to the occurrence and development of dyslipidemia, prethrombotic state (such as platelet activation), insulin resistance and chronic inflammation, which are the several established independent risk factors of CVD (19, 38–40). Here, ADIPOQ is linked to Insulin resistance.