CS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Our study indicates that HIIT increased protein and gene expression levels of CS compared to untrained diabetic rats are supported by other findings that show decreases in CS protein levels in diabetic rats are reversed by 4 weeks of exercise training (Irrcher et al., 2008), and that CS mRNA levels are increased by interval walking training in individuals with type 2 diabetes (Karstoft et al., 2014).