TGFB1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Moreover, several studies have indicated that TGF-β1 stimulates concurrent autophagy through the SMAD signaling pathway and alteration of phenotype in different cell models like HuH7 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells [51,52] and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines A549 and H1975 [25].