Notably, comparing the responses to TGFβ1 exposure as a DKD-related secondary stimulus after in vitro culture between T2D-PTECs and N-PTECs, T2D-PTECs exhibit an enhanced expression of specific TGFβ1-regulated genes, suggesting epigenetic memory that induces primed reactivation (Bansal et al., 2020), possibly mediated by a mechanism similar to transcriptional memory reviewed in this chapter. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.