Furthermore, MM cells also induce neo-angiogenesis in the BM, through their release of the endothelial cell stimulators vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), which ensures the nutritional support of myeloma growth, including via stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α, angiopoietin (Ang)-1, and HGF (40, 41). Here, VEGFA is linked to plasma cell myeloma.