Macrophages likely represent a spectrum of cell phenotypes with diverse functions, for example, more precise categorization has been proposed for M2 macrophages.20,21 This is based on how these cells can be polarized in vitro and the functions they demonstrate: M2a, or IL-4 macrophages, can be stimulated by IL-4, IL-13 and in the context of fungal and helminth infections; M2b, by immune complexes and LPS; M2c, by IL-10, and TGFβ and M2d, can be stimulated by IL-6 and adenosine. Here, IL4 is linked to helminthiasis.