Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 leads to cytokine outburst, including IL-6, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-10, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), which are also associated with vascular dysfunction and vascular disease such as atherosclerosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, varicose veins and hypertension (37). Here, CCL2 is linked to abdominal aortic aneurysm.