For example, FAM104A was down-regulated in men with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) (Hu et al., 2021), and TMEM215 was up-regulated in spermatozoa of infertile men (Cheung et al., 2019) as determined by microarray and sequencing analyses, respectively. The gene discussed is VCF1; the disease is Azoospermia.