EPO and hemolytic-uremic syndrome: We report here for the first time, that I) EPO levels in patients with STEC-HUS, STEC-infected piglets and Stx-challenged mice are elevated in a uniform manner, II) EPO or pHBSP treatment of mice with HUS improves survival and disease outcome, III) protective effects of pHBSP and EPO are associated with reduced renal oxidative stress, and IV) treatment with pHBSP in Stx-challenged mice is additionally associated with ameliorated nitrosative stress, less KIM-1 expression and tubular dedifferentiation.