CD4 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In this regard, it has been pointed out (2) that patients with various forms of autoimmune disease, including type 1 diabetes (47, 48), multiple sclerosis (49) or juvenile arthritis (71), exhibit mixed CD4+ T cell phenotypes like Foxp3+IFN-γ+, a pattern reproduced by the model in conditions of low glutamine and the presence of Th1 and Treg cytokines (Figure 10B).