TLR4 and myelodysplastic syndrome: In 2013, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center detected the mRNA expression of eight TLRs (TLR1-4 and TLR6-9) in HSCs of MDS patients and found that the TLR of LR-MDS was significantly higher than that of HR-MDS, especially TLR2 and TLR4 which were associated with increased apoptosis and better OS rate (67).