In LR-MDS, high level of TGF-β can directly enhance the p38-MAPK signaling pathway to promote the expression of pro-inflammatory genes of downstream and the differentiation of Th17 cells, increasing the expression of IL-17 and IFN-γ and finally inducing the occurrence and development of disease (21). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.