RAPH1 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: By comparing hsa_circ_0004564 and its parental genes RAPH1 (Ras associated [RalGDS/AF-6] and pleckstrin homology domains 1) in the PBMCs of children with T1D according to the presence of CDAbs (Supplementary Table 3), the results suggested that compared with the CDAb– group, the expression of hsa_circ_0004564 was significantly decreased in the CDAb+ group (CDAb– vs. CDAb+:11.12 ± 8.59 vs. 1.72 ± 1.92, p = 6.0 × 10–6) and the expression of RAPH1 was significantly upregulated in the CDAb+ group (CDAb– vs. CDAb+:0.61 ± 0.46 vs. 1.26 ± 0.99, p = 0.011) (Figures 4A,B).