Additionally, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from the blood of healthy individuals and patients with primary (Gleason 6), mid (Gleeson 7), or distant metastasis (Gleason 9) PCa (n = 2 per condition) showed that both CSF1 and NOS3 were significantly increased (p < 0.05) in high-grade PCa patients (Fig. 1B–D) compared to patients with low-grade PCa. Here, CSF1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.