One recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2, aldesleukin), four TKIs (sorafenib, pazopanib, axitinib, and tivozanib), and two mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors (temsirolimus and everolimus) have been approved for the treatment of RCC in the past three decades (Fig. 7b-d). Here, IL2 is linked to renal cell carcinoma.