PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade (pembrolizumab) was recently FDA-approved for first-line treatment of metastatic cervical cancer in combination with chemotherapy in patients whose tumours express PD-L197,98, while CTLA4 blockade (ipilimumab) has also shown promising activity, both as a single agent99,100 and in combination with PD1 blockade (nivolumab)101. Here, CTLA4 is linked to neoplasm.