To date, pre-clinical and clinical studies have shown selective 11β-HSD1 inhibitors to modestly improve insulin sensitivity, reduce dyslipidemia and reverse central obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes, and improve cognitive function in aged mice (Rosenstock et al. 2010, Feig et al. 2011, Sooy et al. 2015). Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.