In this regard, some investigations have found that TB-HIV/IRIS is associated with changes in the expression of cytokines that are related to the inflammasome activation pathway and other proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-18, IL-33, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, TNF, and IFN-γ, which suggests a key role in the development of TB-HIV/IRIS (Tadokera et al., 2011; Conesa-Botella et al., 2012; Tan et al., 2015; Tan et al., 2016; Ravimohan et al., 2018). Here, TNF is linked to tuberculosis.