CD4 and tuberculosis: Current research has established some pathological mechanisms that are related to IRIS development, such as high viral loads, low baseline CD4+ T-cell counts (<50–100 cells/mm3) (Antonelli et al., 2010; Luetkemeyer et al., 2014) with high levels of CD4 activation and replication (Tibúrcio et al., 2021), and short time intervals between TB treatment and cART (French et al., 2004; Chang et al., 2014; Tan et al., 2016).