Moreover, analyses of the IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and IL-33 plasma levels between individuals with and without IRIS showed that the mean IL-33 plasma levels were slightly higher among individuals with IRIS than among those without IRIS (P=0.073), indicating a trend for associating IL-33 plasma levels with TB-HIV/IRIS (Figure 1D). Here, IL33 is linked to tuberculosis.