TNF and cancer: Moreover, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ can also activate the generation of pro-inflammatory IL-6 which contributes to the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancers (Suzuki et al., 2000; Raeburn et al., 2002; Ishimaru et al., 2013; Yao et al., 2014).