APEX1 and urinary bladder carcinoma: However, studies with APX3330, a small-molecule therapeutic which has been shown to bind to APE1/Ref-1 and increase DNA repair activity in neurons to provide neuroprotection against cisplatin [26] have demonstrated that APX3330 does not compromise the cytotoxicity of cisplatin in non-small cell lung or bladder cancer cells [36,37].