SMAD1 and gastric ulcer: Additionally, OS also improves the host immunity (Malhotra and Kang, 2013; Shi et al., 2021) by increasing SMAD1/5/8 expression (Ho et al., 2021), while the anti-oxidant Cb (Ramasamy et al., 2014) has been reported to protect against gastric ulcers (Qiu et al., 2020) and functions as a nutritional supplementation due to high-soluble amino acid and mineral levels in Cb (Ramasamy et al., 2014).