To begin with, SR, GB, and DC have anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities, all of which contribute to the resolution of inflammation and inflammation-compromised epithelial barrier function and pain (Baskol et al., 2008), as evidenced by the markedly decreased IL-1b expression and CASP3-dependent pyroptosis (Naji et al., 2016; Li et al., 2022) in murine colitis models subjected to the CW therapy. Here, IL1B is linked to colitis.