In this study, we analyzed the association of CSF cytokine and chemokine profiles with MRI findings in newly diagnosed treatment-naïve MS patients compared with control patients with aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibody-seropositive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), who underwent lumbar puncture in their diagnostic work-up. The gene discussed is AQP4; the disease is neuromyelitis optica.