TLR4 and cyst: Interestingly, this study also revealed that the proinflammatory TLR4/IFN-γ/STAT1 pathway activated miR-214-3p transcription and in turn, miR-214-3p directly inhibited Tlr4. Deletion of miR-214-3p resulted in elevated Tlr4 mRNA expression, peri-cystic macrophage accumulation, and aggravated cyst growth, consistent with previous reports that macrophages promote cyst growth in ADPKD (Lakhia et al., 2020).