TNF and liver cancer: Similarly,additional research has reported increased secretion of multiple cytokines andsignaling factors including vascular endothelial growth factor A, IL-10,IL-1β, MMP-9, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and monocytechemoattractant protein 1 from macrophages exposed to exosomes released frompancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells or liver cancer cells (66-68).