TGFB1 and cancer: Significantly, hyperthermia has been reported to have a strong capacity to suppress the expression of metastasis-related factors, such as vascular epithelial growth factor, metalloproteinase, and TGF-β1, and hinder the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells (Okuno et al., 2013; Zhou et al., 2015a; Zou et al., 2016; Alamdari et al., 2022).