Moreover, as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play an important role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis, one study showed that CD44 could regulate PCF11 via the MAPK/ERK pathway or TGF-β signaling pathway to promote metastasis in BC (Ouhtit et al., 2013; Al-Mansoob et al., 2022). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.