Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of surgically resected human PDAC showed that most tumours (77/106) contained high amounts of 3/4 Col I and most of them exhibited higher levels of staining for DDR1 (58/77), NF-κB p65 (55/77), NRF2 (60/77), SDC1 (53/77), CDC42 (52/77), SDHB (62/77), α-SMA (56/77) and MMP1 (52/77) than did cCol Ilow tumours (Fig. 5a and Extended Data Fig. 7a,b), suggesting that PDAC tumours with fibrolytic stroma have higher macropinocytosis activity and mitochondrial content than do tumours with inert stroma. This evidence concerns the gene ACTA1 and neoplasm.