The only receptor whose ablation inhibited macropinocytosis activity and mitochondrial biogenesis (Fig. 4a) was DDR1, a collagen-activated receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)13, which scRNA-seq showed was highly expressed in primary and liver-metastatic human PDAC epithelial-tumour cells, marked by the mRNA expression of EPCAM and KRT19 (Extended Data Fig. 4b). This evidence concerns the gene DDR1 and neoplasm.