PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Combinations of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1, or anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-L1, have shown improved efficacy than either agent alone in clinical trials or preclinical models.358,453–455 In NSCLC, based on the results of checkmate 227 clinical trial,30 nivolumab plus ipilimumab has been approved by FDA for the first-line treatment of patients with tumors expressing PD-L1(≥1%), which was also the first chemotherapy-free regimen for NSCLC.