PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Although great success has been achieved in the treatment of LSCC with the advent of PD-1 axis inhibitors, the ORR of PD-1 axis inhibitor in the treatment of advanced NSCLC is ~30%.27,387 Therefore, it is of utmost importance for the establishment of effective biomarkers for predicting the efficacy of anti-PD-1 axis agents.