GPNMB and neoplasm: Macro01 was preferentially enriched in metastatic lesions (Fig. 4c; Supplementary Fig. S11a) and was mapped to tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) (Fig. 4g; Supplementary Table S10), with extensive upregulation of ISGs (e.g., ISG15, GPNMB, IFI6) and lipid metabolism genes (e.g., APOC1, CTSD, PLA2G7) (Fig. 4b, f; Supplementary Table S9), conceivably implying its immunosuppressive role conferred by IFN-stimulated lipid reprogramming29,30.