For instance, GBC9-MT showed elevated expression of CD24 (immune checkpoint in promoting immune evasion) and IGFBP2 (metabolic checkpoint in promoting tumor growth), and GBC10-MT displayed cancer stem cell signature (OLFM4) and enhanced cell migration (e.g., CLDN3, CEACAM5) (Supplementary Table S6). Here, IGFBP2 is linked to cancer.