DPP4 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Ahmed et al. (14) found single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the DPP4 gene not only associated with T2DM but also with DPP4 levels in Malaysian subjects, and a recent study suggests that the isolate alleles of two DPP4 SNPs could be protective genetic markers for insulin resistance (IR) and hyperinsulinemia (22).