TLR4 and alkaline phosphatase measurement: Our model perfectly matches the study conducted by Hoque et al., which determined a crucial role for lactate in suppressing TLR4- and NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation in AP via Gi-protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81).8 Thus, additional studies are needed to evaluate whether or not GPR81 also mediates the protective anti-inflammatory effects of Bifidobacterium and lactate under AP in vivo.