TLR4 and alkaline phosphatase measurement: protect the host from AP by ameliorating pancreatic and systemic inflammation and immunopathological damages; 2) the Bifidobacterium-derived metabolite, lactate, dampens macrophage-associated inflammatory responses both locally and systemically in AP; 3) lactate limits inflammatory responses in macrophages by suppressing NF-κB and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a TLR4-MyD88- and NLRP3-Caspase1-dependent manner during AP (Fig. S9).