Further studies demonstrated that PVT1 regulated CC cell growth, invasion, and apoptosis by upregulating the nuclear factor-κB, ECM1, ARL2, and Smad3 pathways by modulating miR-16, miR-486-3p, miR-503, and miR-140-5p (Fig. 5O−R) [166–169], respectively. Here, PVT1 is linked to cholangiocarcinoma.