TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: CD1c+ cDC stimulated with nanoparticles containing dsDNA recapitulated cytokine/TLR signatures from this subset in patients with RA inducing significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-8, CCL3, IL-23, and TNF-α transcripts compared with those cells exposed to Poly (I:C), which expressed higher levels of IL-12 and IFN-β (Figure 5A and Supplemental Figure 7B).