When Huh7, HepG2 and HLF cells (another HCC cell line with a higher degree of aggressiveness) were incubated with lEVs derived from TGF-β-stimulated LX-2 cells, or Hepa1-6 mouse HCC cells were treated with activated moHSC-derived lEVs, the protein level of HK1 was clearly elevated compared with the corresponding control cells (Extended Data Fig. 3f), and the protein level of HK1 was not reduced by cycloheximide, an inhibitor of de novo protein synthesis (Extended Data Fig. 3g), implying the direct transfer of the HK1 protein from LX-2-derived lEVs to HCC cells. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is hepatocellular carcinoma.