MAPK3 and lung carcinoma: Indeed, in both H358 lung cancer and BxPC3 pancreatic cancer cells, MLN4924 induced PD-L1, and at the same time the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, AKT and JNK kinases as well as c-FOS in dose- and time- dependent manners (Figs. 2D and S2D), indicating the activation of these signaling pathways.