VWF and endothelial dysfunction: Endothelial dysfunction arising from the alteration to the haemodynamic environment contributes to thrombosis in both early and late VGF due to the loss of anti-thrombotic factors including nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI2) and the generation and release of pro-thrombotic factors including thromboxane A2, fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor which result in shear-induced platelet activation, and adhesion [38].