Evidence for a causal relationship between S6K1 amplification and enhanced chemotherapy resistance is shown by the fact that breast cancer cell lines harboring RP6SKB1 amplification, and overexpression of S6K1, show enhanced resistance to chemotherapeutic agents compared to breast cancer cell lines with no amplification and low S6K1 expression (Figure 1—figure supplement 2c-e). This evidence concerns the gene RPS6KB1 and breast carcinoma.