TNF and dengue disease: Increased levels of various cytokines and chemokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-Ɣ), granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-10 (IL-10), macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1β), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-8 (IL-8), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IFN-Ɣ -inducible protein 10 (IP-10), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) have been associated with the progression of severe dengue (Patro et al., 2019).