Furthermore, conjugated secondary 12α-hydroxylated bile acids, especially taurodeoxycholic acid and GDCA, promoted liver fibrosis progression by binding to TGR5 and activating hepatic stellate cells via ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK signaling (Okubo et al., 2013; Xie et al., 2021). Here, GPBAR1 is linked to Hepatic fibrosis.